The study shows that children and adolescents who respond well to obesity treatment are less likely to develop obesity-related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia (abnormally high levels of fat in the blood) as young adults.

The treatment studied involved support for children with obesity and their families designed to motivate healthy diets, exercise and sleep habits — what is known as “behavioural lifestyle therapy.”

“The results are very good news,” says Emilia Hagman, docent at the Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology. “Whether or not the treatment of obesity in childhood has long-term health benefits have been debated, since weight-loss is hard to maintain.”

The study shows that children with obesity who respond to treatment also run a lower risk of premature death. A previous study, published in PLOS Medicine by the same research group, has shown that children with obesity have a much higher mortality risk in early adulthood, and were much more likely to die from suicide and somatic conditions. Just over a quarter of deaths were obesity-related.

“This emphasises the importance of providing early treatment, as we know that timely intervention increases the likelihood of success and helps mitigate the long-term health risks associated with obesity” says Dr Hagman.

However, the risk of depression and anxiety was not affected by the treatment outcomes in childhood, the JAMA Pediatrics paper shows. No matter the outcome of obesity treatment in childhood, the risk of anxiety and depression was unchanged in young adulthood.

“It has been believed that weight loss could decrease symptoms of depression and anxiety, but we can now show that it’s not the case,” says Dr Hagman. “Even though there’s a link between the two comorbidities, they must be treated in parallel.”

The study included over 6,700 individuals who had received treatment for obesity during childhood identified via the BORIS register (the Swedish Childhood Obesity Treatment Register) and who were then followed up as young adults in the Swedish Patient Register, the Prescribed Drugs Register and the Cause of Death Register. A control group from the general population was also used, matched by age, sex and place of residence.

GLP1 analogues, which have become popular obesity drugs in recent years, were not part of the study as they were yet approved when the study participants were being treated for obesity. As Dr Hagman points out, it is still uncommon for this type of drug to be administered to children.

“I’m in favour of their use as these drugs eases feelings of hunger, which is something that some children struggle with” she says. “That said, lifestyle therapy is still the foundation of all treatments for childhood obesity.”

The research group will now be trying to identify therapy options that are most effective for different individuals and the health/risk markers that are significant for future health.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: The study was sponsored by Novo Nordisk A/S, which was partly involved in the study design and interpretation of data, but not in data collection or analysis. Article writing and editorial support was paid by the funder. Two of the article’s co-authors are employed by Novo Nordisk and one of them owns shares in Novo Nordisk and another pharmaceutical company. Two co-authors own shares in Evira AB, which provides digital care for paediatric obesity. The study was also funded by the Åke Wiberg Foundation and the Ollie and Elof Ericsson’s Foundation, Emilia Hagman has conducted contract research for Novo Nordisk.