It’s well-known that adults who are victims of intimate-partner violence are also often victims of traumatic brain injury, including concussions. But whether this association exists in younger people who experience teen dating violence (TDV) has not been examined, until now.

Researchers at the University of Calgary’s Faculty of Arts have published the first paper showing that TDV—the physical, sexual and psychological violence that youth can experience in their dating/romantic relationships—is associated with an increased risk for concussion in young people. The paper is published in the Journal of Adolescent Health.

When parsing out data by gender, the researchers found girls and non-binary youth who experience TDV are at an “elevated risk” for concussion.

“The paper sets the stage for doing work to really understand what’s happening brain injury-wise in these relationships,” says Dr. Deinera Exner-Cortens, BSc’07, Ph.D., CIHR Tier 2 Canada Research Chair in Childhood Health Promotion and associate professor in the Department of Psychology in the Faculty of Arts.

As well as spurring more research, the paper will help support future recommendations for health-care professionals who treat adolescents. “Providers who have a patient who’s experienced a concussion may want to consider screening for dating violence,” Exner-Cortens says. “It could be an opportunity, especially if the concussion was received in a non-sports setting, to learn more about what exactly happened.”

Exner-Cortens and UCalgary colleagues Dr. Keith Yeates, Ph.D., Ward Chair in Pediatric Brain Injury and psychology professor, and Nicole Camacho Soto, MSc’23, Ph.D. student in clinical psychology, worked with Dr. Paul van Donkelaar, Ph.D.”94, of UBC Okanagan and Dr. Wendy Craig, Ph.D., of Queen’s University. The researchers used data from Canadian Grade 9 and 10 students in the 2017/18 Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) dataset.

They found 1 in 3 of the nearly 3,000 young people surveyed experienced physical, psychological and/or cyber TDV victimization in the previous year—numbers that are rising.

“According to police-reported data on TDV—which are only the tip of the iceberg—rates of TDV in Canada have increased 33% since 2015,” says Exner-Cortens, who is also the scientific co-director of PREVNet, a national research and knowledge-mobilization hub aimed at fostering healthy relationships among children and youth.

Youth in the dataset were asked whether they had been diagnosed with a concussion in the past 12 months, and where they were and what they were doing when they received the concussion. In adults who experience intimate partner violence, concussions are often the result of being shaken, pushed or shoved to the ground.

“There’s quite a large body of evidence in adults that domestic violence is linked to traumatic brain injury, including concussion,” Exner-Cortens says. “This research with younger people started after Dr. Yeates, who is a concussion researcher, emailed me suggesting we look at whether concussion was also associated with violence in teen dating relationships.”

Links between TDV and poor mental health are well-established, and some researchers have looked at connections between TDV and injury. In this study, the researchers created equivalent groups of TDV victims and non-victims using advanced methods to more rigorously explore the association between TDV and concussion.

“Kids who experience dating violence often have a lot of other things going on in their lives,” Exner-Cortens says. “In this study, we created a comparison group that didn’t experience dating violence. So, we’re confident in the association we present between TDV and concussion.”