It is already known that the misfolded proteins clump together to form fiber-like structures. However, it is not yet fully understood how these fibrils are formed. Now a team led by Empa researcher Peter Nirmalraj from Empa’s Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces laboratory and scientists from the Irish University of Limerick have been able to show how the process takes place using a particularly powerful imaging technique. The special thing about it: Some of the nanometer-thin fibrils apparently ensure the spread of the disease in the brain tissue and are therefore referred to as “superspreaders.” The researchers recently published their findings in the scientific journal Science Advances.

Toxic subspecies

This peculiar subspecies of protein fibrils caught the researchers’ attention because of its unusual properties: The edges and the surfaces of the so-called superspreader fibrils show a particularly high catalytic activity. New protein building blocks accumulate at these highly active sites. As a result, new, long-chain fibrils form from these nucleation sites. The researchers assume that these second-generation fibrils eventually spread and form new aggregates in the brain.

The chemical composition of the misfolded amyloid β protein is known. The mechanism of how protein building blocks come together to form second-generation fibrils, as well as their shape and structure, was previously unclear. “Conventional methods, such as those based on staining techniques, could alter the morphology and adsorption site of the proteins so that they cannot be analyzed in their natural form,” says Nirmalraj.

Unprecedented precision

The technique the Empa researcher used in this new study is different: The proteins are analyzed unchanged in a salt solution, which comes much closer to the natural conditions in the human body than is the case with conventional methods. With the high-resolution atomic force microscope, the fibrils, which are less than 10 nanometers thick, can be photographed with unprecedented precision at room temperature. The researchers were able to follow the process of fibril formation in real time, from the first moments to the following 250 hours. The analyses were then compared and supplemented with molecular model calculations. This allowed the fibrils to be classified into subpopulations such as “superspreader” based on their surface structures. “This work brings us another step closer to better understanding how these proteins spread in brain tissue of Alzheimer’s disease ,” says Empa researcher Nirmalraj. He hopes that this will ultimately lead to new ways to monitor disease progression and diagnostic procedures.

The study was funded by the “Dementia Research Switzerland — Synapsis Foundation.”